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What are the Default Access Modifiers in C#?
When I define a class in C#, and don't specify any access modifier which one is the default? Is it public or protected?
In C# if the type is not nested (within other class or struct) and doesn't have access modifier applied it is internal. If it is nested - private.
From C# specification:
3.5.1 Declared accessibility
...
• Types declared in compilation units
or namespaces can have public or
internal declared accessibility and
default to internal declared
accessibility.
• Class members can
have any of the five kinds of declared
accessibility and default to private
declared accessibility. (Note that a
type declared as a member of a class
can have any of the five kinds of
declared accessibility, whereas a type
declared as a member of a namespace
can have only public or internal
declared accessibility.)
It is [internal]
Related
The default access modifier for an interface is public. However,
in C# can we ever use protected access modifier for an interface?
In this example:
class C
{
protected interface I
{
}
}
the nested type I is protected.
This means that I is visible to all of C and also to all classes that derive from C. For example this could be used to make protected instance methods inside C that contain I in their signatures or return types.
Note: The default accessibility for an interface is not public, like you claim. The default accessibility for a member of an interface is public. That is something else.
The default accessibility for the interface itself depends on what the interface itself is a member of. If the interface is a member of an "outer" class or struct (like my C above), it has the usual default accessibility of class and struct members, which is private. If the interface is a direct member of a namespace (possibly the global namespace), the default accessibility is the usual default for all non-nested types, which is internal.
You can change this acceccibility.
See this page : https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms173121.aspx.
It's say that "Interfaces declared directly within a namespace can be declared as public or internal and, just like classes and structs, interfaces default to internal access."
Be carefull, as you see in this link https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ba0a1yw2.aspx members are public by default and can't be modified.
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Default visibility for C# classes and members (fields, methods, etc.)?
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Inside a class by default everything is private.
By default non nested class ,interface, struct, delegate & enum have internal accessibility.
But that means if all these comes inside class, everything will become private by default.
Are there any types that will become non private inside a class by default?
PS. just a kind of exceptional case like an instance variable that we can't assign any values inside a struct, but by using null coalescing operator we can assign.
Please have a read of http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms173121.aspx
Struct members, including nested classes and structs, can be declared as public, internal, or private. Class members, including nested classes and structs, can be public, protected internal, protected, internal, or private. The access level for class members and struct members, including nested classes and structs, is private by default. Private nested types are not accessible from outside the containing type.
(emphasis mine).
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Is it possible to have a private class?
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Whats the difference between "Class" only and "Private Class" declaration in C#?
If these are nested classes, there's no difference:
namespace Foo
{
public class Outer
{
private class ExplicitlyPrivate {}
class ImplicitlyPrivate {}
}
}
Type members always default to being private.
If it's a top-level class, then you can't make it private - but the default is internal:
namespace Foo
{
class ClassIsInternalByDefault {}
}
When you declare a class without specifying an accessibility modifier it will default to the lowest accessibility possible.
More practically, specifying private when private is not permissible can result in a compilation error.
A simple answer is to say that a private class is meant to protect attributes within that class from being changed by any external classes, other than during construction of the program. A normal "class", well, doesn't have that protection.
It is a form of ENCAPSULATION.
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What is the difference between ‘protected’ and ‘protected internal’?
I have seen a lot of controversy over the true meaning of declaring a member protected internal.
Under this context is the member's access modifier either "protected or internal" or "protected and internal"?
The documentation is clear that it is "protected or internal".
That is - a member is accessible both within the assembly and any subtype.
protected internal
The type or member can be accessed by any code in the assembly in which it is declared, or from within a derived class in another assembly. Access from another assembly must take place within a class declaration that derives from the class in which the protected internal element is declared, and it must take place through an instance of the derived class type.
What are the access-specifiers available in c#? What is the default one?
The possible access modifiers are :
private
protected
internal
protected internal
public
The default modifier that is used, depends on the element.
For classes, the default specifier is
'internal'
For class-members, the default
specifier is private
For nested types (inner classes), the
default is private
You can also find it on MSDN
You might find it also interesting to have a look at this
A copy of the C# Language Specification is included when you install Visual Studio (in 2008 at least), at VSRoot\VC#\Specifications\1033\CSharp Language Specification.doc. This is, of course, the definitive place to look.
Access Modifiers (Access Specifiers) describes as the scope of accessibility of an Object and its members. All C# types and type members have an accessibility level . We can control the scope of the member object of a class using access specifiers. We are using access modifiers for providing security of our applications. When we specify the accessibility of a type or member we have to declare it by using any of the access modifiers provided by CSharp language.
C# provide five access specifiers , they are as follows :
public, private , protected , internal and protected internal .
public :
public is the most common access specifier in C# . It can be access from anywhere, that means there is no restriction on accessibility. The scope of the accessibility is inside class as well as outside. The type or member can be accessed by any other code in the same assembly or another assembly that references it.
private :
The scope of the accessibility is limited only inside the classes or struct in which they are declared. The private members cannot be accessed outside the class and it is the least permissive access level.
protected :
The scope of accessibility is limited within the class or struct and the class derived (Inherited )from this class.
internal :
The internal access modifiers can access within the program that contain its declarations and also access within the same assembly level but not from another assembly.
protected internal :
Protected internal is the same access levels of both protected and internal. It can access anywhere in the same assembly and in the same class also the classes inherited from the same class .