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Call code behind c# function from javascript

I know this has been asked, but none of the numerous answers fit with my situation. So I will humbly ask if someone can walk me through this again gently.
Environment: .Net 4 web app using c#, javascript, jquery, sql server, and entity framework.
Question: I need to be able to allow a user to "quick add" a value into a table that is bound to a drop down box without losing values a user has already entered onto current page. I don't care if I have to do a postback or use jquery or use ajax, etc. I need the functionality first - prettiness later ... the scenario is described below if you care to keep reading. With all that being said, I would love for this to be smooth and not "clunky" for the user.
Scenario:
I have a page where the user is able to enter many pieces of information into textboxes, static drop down boxes, and drop down boxes that are bound to other tables that will all get combined and inserted into one table. Well, it never fails, a user could be filling in the page and when they get to one of the table bound drop down boxes - a value is missing or they haven't added something item yet. I would like to add a button or link or something next to that drop down box that would allow the user to "quick add" an item to the table that fills that drop down box and then refresh the drop down box so they can choose that new value from the list ... all while not losing the other data on the screen they already entered.
What I've tried:
-Tried WebMethod option. Currently, this web page calls some custom "bind" methods in the code behind to fill drop down boxes so they are not filled directly from objects from entity framework. So that means using a static method will not work for a solution because part of the static function would need to call the bind method to refresh the drop down box with the newly inserted values.
-Tried PageMethod option. Some of the other samples used Page Method settings, but my site uses master and content pages and the posts seem to state that the page method route was not going to work.
Make sense?

Add an UpdatePanel to the page. The update panel should wrap the drop down to be added, as well as the textbox/button for adding a new entry to that drop down. You would want to have a different UpdatePanel for each dropdown/button pair, if applicable.
When they click the button inside of the update panel you can read the textbox, add an extra item to the drop down, and send an update to the database. (I'd manually add the new value to the drop down rather than updating the database and re-binding, if possible, but it may not be.)
The magic of UpdatePanels will make sure that this is all asynchronous and so doesn't disturb the user working on the page.

How to avoid update when form entries are not changed

Presently In my application , on click of grid row , i fill the control of the page with the grid row entries. I have a UPDATE button to save the changes . But even if the don't modify any control values and click on Update button , updation will be done with same values. that triggers a entry to log table .
How can I make the form to call the update only when the values of the controls are different than what is being loaded to them when i click grid.
UPDATE :
Application is not using any pattern like MVVM . the structure what is being followed is very slimier to win forms except the UI . For db interaction ADO.net . It was built already when i joined to this project & even I am new to wpf.
Can anyone help me out ?

I think that you need to do some change tracking on the Entities displayed in the grid. Whenever an Update is executed you check the state of the entities and only update those entities where it's needed. Basically you need to intercept at the level of Property Setters to keep track of changes in the entity. think about:
Using a base class that has some functionality for keeping track of the state of an entity. Very simple: a Boolean hasChanged or more "complex" an Enum with Added, Modified and Deleted or something.
Derive other entities from this base class
Work with public properties and private backing fields to intercept property modifications
When property modifications are executed store the information in a Boolean or Enum in the base class
When the update is initiated by the user loop through the entities presented in the Grid and pick those that have changes and send them to the database.
Some helpfull theory about this might be:
Change tracking on businees objects
Using Properties C# programming guide
ADO.NET Self Tracking Entities
I don't know from your question how tightly the coupling is between the user interface and the database (ADO.NET DataTables or so...). The idea presented above requires some "decoupling" of things. But, is a good basis for further functionalities in your application and can give you some ease of work, clear framework, improved maintenance and might increase performance.

I believe the easiest way to do this is to add a handler to controls, that are used to get user input, that will set some boolean property, e.d. RowWasEdited, to true. Then check this property on UPDATE button click event, do neccessary actions, and set it to false.
But I'm sure that there is something more elegant than this.

Submit changes to database from DatGridView?

I have a DataGridView on my form that I have associated with a data source using the designer. This allows me to customise the columns in the designer, which helps me a lot. My problem is that I now cannot work out how to submit changes made in the grid view to the database.
I have a DataGridView object, a TableAdaptor object and a BindingSource object - I cannot figure out which combination of calls to make to fluck all changes made in the grid to the database. Ideally, I would also be able to refresh the grids with the latest information from the database as well.
Does anyone have any ideas?
Cheers,

Oops - Straigth after posting I stumbled across the solution:
myTableAdaptor.update(MyDataSet);
For me, both the table adaptor and the data set had been auto-generated as class member variables.

Storing a collection into a list and session - Front End

I have this program in which I am trying to store a collection of values into a list and session
Example:
valueCollection = (List<Values>)Session["Value"];
I want to do the front end in a way which will show a table with each row showing a label and textbox. This would be too simple to do obviously but I want it to show 4 rows of the table by default and then the user can select "add another" this will then add another row onto the table with a label and textbox exactly similar to the 4 default. Everytime the user selects "add another" the table increments by 1.
How do you do something like that, or is there an easy way?
Here is a screenshot to explain it better:
http://img828.imageshack.us/img828/9986/idead.png

The basic idea is that you bind a control to your data and provide GUI controls to allow users to add/edit/delete records. Once the records are modified you re-bind the control to see the changes.
Take a look at the Databound controls in the .Net Framework. For a quick first pass you could use a ListView - a control which provides built-in functionality to automatically generate and mange the add/edit/delete GUI elements.
In 'real world' usage, storing big datasets isn't a great idea as more users = more sessions and each session uses server resources. You should really be getting/storing your data in a database or perhaps an XML file.
HTH

How to update datagridview

I am working in c# project, i need to update datagridview control after inserting a new record. When i am doing this, the gridview keeps its old values also, what should i do to show only updated records

You need to show what the data source that you are binding to is. If it doesn't have any update functionality (implementing INotifyPropertyChanged, for example), then the grid won't be able to tell when a value changed and update itself.

You haven't posted a snippet of your code for us to analyze so my best guess would be that you are neglecting to re-bind the Data/Gridview after row insert.

You need to call ResetBindings when the bound data source changes unless the data source implements the appropriate notifications to give an update notification to the grid.