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How to use windows forms resource files for localizing dynamic data

I have an application that I am developing that is made with Window Forms. For localizing all my Labels, ToolStripMenuItems, Buttons, etc I use resx resource files. Specifically to localize my application for German, I open my Main.en-CA.resx file in winres. I then go through all the terms found in the form and change them to their German translation. I then save the file to Main.de-DE.resx. I now have a Main.en-CA.resx file and a Main.de-DE.resx file. In my code I then only have to change the current culture to whatever language I want and apply the change to all my Labels, Controls, Buttons, etc. For example something like this:
System.Threading.Thread.CurrentThread.CurrentUICulture = CultureInfo.GetCultureInfo(language);
// Must re-apply resources after changing the culture
System.ComponentModel.ComponentResourceManager resources = new System.ComponentModel.ComponentResourceManager(typeof(Main));
resources.ApplyResources(this, "$this");
foreach (Control c in this.Controls)
{
resources.ApplyResources(c, c.Name);
}
This seems to work great for all Labels etc that do not change. I do however have entries that are changed. For example I might have a dropdown ComboBox that is filled with the entries: "Apple", "Banana", "Orange". Or I might have some error messages: "Missing Input", "Cannot find xml file" that are only sometimes displayed. Now I suppose maybe for the error messages I could just have Labels and selectively change their visibility depending on whether they need to be shown, however for the dropdown ComboBox these entries might change depending on say which file the user loads.
I am wondering then, is there a way to store these entries in the resx files and then access them from my code. I tried opening the resx files and adding them manually (i.e. without using winres) but attempting to do this resulted in the warning:
You are trying to edit a resource file that is a part of another project item (such as a form or control). Editing this item could corrupt the project item, and you will have to recover it by hand. In addition, changes made to this resource file may be lost if further changes are made to the project item.
Do you really want to edit this file?
This sounded like a bad idea so I didn't try that any further. Additionally I am not sure on how I would access the terms in the file manually. I am very new to windows forms and resource files (this is my first time using them) so I realize this might be a simple question but I have had trouble finding information on how exactly to do this.

Ok as it turns out I have uncovered how I can achieve what I am looking for. Ok from the SO post I can access any strings stored in the files Resource.resx by the code:
myLabel.Text = Properties.Resources.MissingController;
where MissingController is a key (i.e. Name) in the file Resources.resx.
Therefore all I need to do is add additional resource files such as Resource.de-DE.resx in the case of German and fill in the translations (i.e. the values in the resource file) corresponding to the same keys (i.e. the names in the resource file).
The Resources.resx file looks like:
and the Resources.de-DE.resx looks like:
As mentioned in the question I had already created some resource files for translating my forms but I had used winres. Whereas they had been located under my Main.cs [Design] file, the Resources.resx and Resources.de-de.resx are located under Properties. Because I had used winres to make my resx files I think that meant I was not supposed to manually edit them hence the warning it gave?? I'm still not 100% sure about this.
Regardless I can now just manually add terms to my Resource.resx file as well as create different versions of this file for different languages and the localization will work. When right clicking on Properties and going Add->New Item and then selecting Resource, if you do not see the Resource file type as an option (as happened to me) then that might mean you need to add the development tools that did not get installed with your version of visual studio. You can achieve this by just running the visual studio installer again and clicking modify and adding the .NET development tools.

Resource Files not being Compiled into DLLs

I have a localized WinForms application. To avoid a large number of iterations in the translation procedure, I have given our translators software to allow them to edit the .resx files directly.
This has worked great for the resource files that are not tied to UI components (Forms/Controls), but for forms and Controls the resources don't seem to be getting updated. What I mean by this, is that at design-time all resource strings are correct (Text/ToolTips et al.) and I can see the correct translations - when I run the application (debug or any other release) the translations are not being updated, why?
Thanks for your time.
Edit1. The plot thickens further. There are two buttons that are not being updated at all when I change their components (button text, tooltip or any thing governed by the underlying resource file). Lets say I change the button text from 'Lock Workbook' to 'Lock Workbook GG', then the new text shows in the designer and the .resx files (both in the .resx designer and the code behind) but when I run the code (in debug or release mode) the button text is not updated!?
If I update the button next to the button I updated above, this does change the text in the running application?? This is baking my noodle as I fail to see where the old text is being stored and why for a sub-set of buttons their component text is not getting updated!?
Any ideas are warmly welcomed!
Edit2. I have tried to delete the .suo and clean and recompile. I have also removed the troublesome form from the solution and re added it.
So that you can see this strange behavior, here is one of the problematic buttons ('Lock Workbook GG') and a normal one ('Set as Default Workbook GG').
Now at run-time I see

Maybe your build settings are wrong?
This is what I have for my dll.

I have given our translators software to allow them to edit the .resx files directly
That certainly was not a good idea. Any professional translator will know how to tackle .NET resx files. Even if they don't have any of the tooling that's traditionally used by translators, like SDL Passolo, then they would still fall back to the standard Winres.exe utility included with the SDK.
Whatever you wrote probably has a bug. Quite hard to reverse-engineer from the question what that bug might be. Other than that the .resx file for a Winforms form is quite different from the one you get from Resource File project template or the resource designer. There are lots of resource naming tricks to avoid ambiguity between the form's properties and the properties of its controls. Get a name wrong and it won't work right.
Don't write your own, at least ask them to use Winres.exe if necessary. It is free.

The bindings to the button are made in the Designer File of the related form, have you checked whether there are some issues? Try removing the code that sets the ressource and re-add it via the designer.

Probably this has something to do with the CopyLocal property. Please check if these are TRUE for these resource files. If not, set them to true, otherwise, after succesfull compilation, they are not being copied to the output directory.

Prevent deleting a folder during uninstall

Is there any possible way to prevent files in a folder being removed or from over written during re installation? i have a folder where i store some templates for sending mails which user can edit.I have added the basic templates in my setup and so during re installation it removes the templates which the user might have already edited and places a new copy of the template.How can i prevent this?Should i use installer class or is there any property that i can use?Please Guide.

See:
File Versioning Rules (Windows)
Especially:
Neither File Has a Version (Windows)
You are using a tool that makes every single file a key file of it's own components. Therefore, you should already be getting this default behavior. If you set Permanent, they should not get removed. You said that the use "can" modify these files. The behavior is that if they haven't modified the files, they will get overwritten and if they have modified the files they will not.
However, IMO, a better pattern is to have an override directory that users can copy templates to and modify. You can get into undesired behaviors on upgrades resulting from the conflict of 1) My new build fixes something and 2) I can't install it because the old stuff has user data. This is especially true for things like XML files.

this can be done by selecting the file properties and setting the value of permanent to true.

Can I edit Resource file at runtime

I have a WCF service, it response with JSON. I need to create a language file, which I can edit on production server. no problem if I will need to recycle App pool.
I was about to use Resource file, but I was worry that it is not editable by end user.
I don't need to edit it pragmatically, the end user will edit it by opening the file in notepad without recompiling the application.
What do you suggest?

Yes you can using the ResXResourceWriter class.
If you need to generate the Designer.cs file as well see this question Programmatically generate Designer.cs for resx file (ResXResourceWriter/ResXResourceReader)
If you need to modify the existing resx files see this question Modifying .resx file in c#

According to MSDN, you can add new resource at runtime:
You can incrementally add resources for new cultures after you have
deployed an application. Because subsequent development of
culture-specific resources can require a significant amount of time,
this allows you to release your main application first, and deliver
culture-specific resources at a later date.
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/sb6a8618%28v=vs.110%29.aspx
I think editing current resource will also work.

Your users should be able to edit the files with no problems, the resource files are XML files that can be opened in notepad or any text editor, they could even open it in Excel and get multiple columns that they can easily edit.
This will require recycling your App pool but you're open to that.
[edit]
You don't need to be recompile as I mentioned before if your resource files are marked as content, but your App pool will be recycled to pick up changes

I am not sure but it seems that user can't edit resource file using a notepad at runtime, and the application should rebuild in order changes takes effect.
Setting file with user scope can do the job.

Designer forcing resources to be embedded in form, rather than using Resources.resx?

This problem has left me scratching my head! I'll try to be as concise as possible.
On a high level:
The problem is that although the project works fine and the code looks good to me. Whenever I edit and build certain forms, Visual Studio re-writes the *.Designer.cs files in a way that is very undesirable.
I quite confident that these *.Designer.cs files have not been edited (especially the auto-generated portion) in the past.
In more detail:
Our project uses custom controls, some which inherit from PictureBox. On the forms where these controls are present, if I view the *.Designer.cs file, I either see that the Image property is not set, or the Image property refers to an image stored in the project's resx file like below, which is all well and good.
this.customButton.Image = global::MyProject.Properties.Resources.buttonImage;
However, if I simply modify this form by adding another control (drag another button onto the form) and build the project, Visual Studio extensively edits the MyForm.Designer.cs and MyForm.resx files, even for the existing controls on the form that were not touched. It seems that it embeds all the images needed by the controls in the MyForm.resx file and then refers to them in the MyForm.Designer.cs as follows:
System.ComponentModel.ComponentResourceManager resources = new System.ComponentModel.ComponentResourceManager(typeof(MyForm));
this.customButton.Image = ((System.Drawing.Image)(resources.GetObject("customButton.Image")));
This is obviously not what I want. Why does Visual Studio want the form to use a local resource now, instead of the one embedded in the project's Resources.resx file as it was happy to do before the form was modified? If I go to the designer, view the properties of the customButton, and try to set the Image property to the image in the project resource file, it allows it, but on the next click, it will immediately revert back to the local reference embedded in MyForm.resx.
Any ideas why this is happening?

I figured this out with the help of another question
Basically, even though I've seen several recommendations to centralize your application's resources in a single assembly, this appears to be a bad choice. The VS Designer just doesn't like having to access resources external to the current assembly and while it can do so, it will also change your code to bring those resources in the current assembly by embedding them, thwarting your efforts to keep the resources in a single assembly.
I basically had to go back to keeping resources in the assembly the uses them.