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Adding in Profiles to ASP .NET MVC Project after its created

So a while back I created just a basic ASP .NET MVC Application with Visual Studio, not thinking I was going to take it too serious. Well, fast forward 3 months, and I am still looking for a job and started to code a bunch over the past 2 weeks. One of the features that I want to add are user profiles, and I know there is a an option to create the project with a 'user profile' feature built in. Unfortunately, I didn't remember to check this box, and I was wondering if there is a way to add it in after the project is already created, or would I have to build my own user system and handle the storage and security myself? Thanks for any answers or input!

It depends on your requirements to use existing template or build your own users system. To add asp.net identity to your project check this ms tutorial.
Adding ASP.NET Identity to an Empty or Existing Web Forms Project

How can I add an item to the right click menu on the desktop

I have an application that runs in the background and changes the user's desktop background at set intervals. I would like to make it possible for the user to right click the desktop background and have the option to download the photo or advance to the next background, in addition to the normal windows right click options. Is there any way to do this in C#?
The target OS is Windows 8.1, but if it could work across several versions of Windows, that would be great.
Thanks to kennyzx for suggesting Sharp Shell context menu. It's a relatively easy library to understand for someone who is not use to using some of the deeper C# concepts yet.

You should do this in a setup and deployment project. This article shows the steps to add a menu option in the desktop context menu

The easiest way is to edit registry HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\DesktopBackground\shell as described here..
http://www.howtogeek.com/107965/how-to-add-any-application-shortcut-to-windows-explorers-context-menu/

Adding items to the taskbar application menu

I have an application. I would like to add my particular items to the right-click application's taskbar menu via C#. I want to add both permanent items and temporary items.
If I haven't made you to understand, this is the menu I am talking about:

This feature is called a JumpList and is for Windows 7. It is part of the Microsoft API. How to use this with C# has been documented thoroughly here and here.
In order to be able to deal with Jumplist classes in Windows Forms, you'd have to include these DLLs (Microsoft.WindowsAPICodePack.dll and Microsoft.WindowsAPICodePack.Shell.dll) in your project. You can get them from this CodeProject project or you can download the Open source library from WindowsAPICodePack which includes the source code that can be used to access Windows 7 and Windows Vista features. You will need to add two usings at the top of your code:
using Microsoft.WindowsAPICodePack.Taskbar;
using Microsoft.WindowsAPICodePack.Shell;
Any Jumplist consists of categories and each category has its own Jumptasks. There are two types of Jumptasks supported till now by WindowsAPICodePack; the JumplistLink and JumplistSeperator. A Jumptask represents an action to be performed by the user like openning a new instance of the application or launching another program. These Jumptasks are grouped in categories called JumplistCustomCategories.

How to get user input during windows installer for WinForms application?

I have a call tracking application that I've built and now I need to create a Windows Installer that bundles the .NET Framework 4.0 with the installer and also allows the user to enter a authentication id, when installing the application.
Then be able to get the value they entered to setup the application for their specific location, by setting an application setting, within the WinForms application.
If the installer can write the authentication id to the registry, I could grab it from there in my application, on startup.
Just not sure which installer to use that would make this as painless as possible.

All of the things in your question can be done by using Visual Studio Setup projects. But bit painful procedure. Do google search for finding resources about writing to registry and grabbing values at the start-up.
There may be other tools that give these functionalities in a more user-friendly way. I know only about Visual Studio Installer.
This article explains about adding custom dialog boxes.

This is completely easily can be done using NSIS (Nullsoft Scriptable Install System). It enables script based creation of installers and it lets writing of installers, customize and add features and do whatever you want using its own set of commands. You may add any control to any page (text boxes, check boxes etc.) and add any number of custom pages and do whatever you want. It has its own compiler and the script you write can be compiled using it and be compressed usefully.
See the below post too:
Customizing an exsisting NSIS MUI2 page
The NSIS and MUI (Modern User Interface) documentation, NSIS examples on NSIS site and winamp forums will help you at everything in your way...

In Advanced Installer you can do that pretty easily, but it's costly though. Check this tutorial

C# Integration into Windows Shell

I am currently in the process of developing an application in C#. I am using WPF forms and using an embedded SQLite Database.
I was wondering if it was possible to integrate my program into the windows shell. What I want to be able to do is if a user right clicks on a username or password text field on a website or a piece of software then the right click menu will show options for my program. If the user wants to copy their username from the software I have written then can right click on the field, go to menu 'Retrieve Password Manager Data' > choose the category (software/website) > company names retrieved from the database and then go to copy username or password.
Thanks for your help in this matter.

Integrating a .NET app into the shell without trouble is technically possible since .NET 4.0. Google IContextMenu to find sample C# code that implements the required COM interface. Beware of the difficulty of getting it right, debugging is very unpleasant.
But that's a long way from what you are asking for, the shell extension handler lets you create a menu entry in the context menu for Explorer windows. Text boxes in other apps don't expose a standard extensibility interface like the shell does. It is not quite impossible, it requires injecting code into the app with a windows hook. But you can't write that kind of code in C#.