After Writing to a RenderTarget, How to Efficiently Clone the Output?

After Writing to a RenderTarget, How to Efficiently Clone the Output? - c#

XNA noob here, learning every day. I just worked out how to composite multiple textures into one using a RenderTarget2D. However, while I can use the RenderTarget2D as a Texture2D for most purposes, there's a critical difference: these rendered textures are lost when the backbuffer is resized (and no doubt under other circumstances, like the graphics device running low on memory).
For the moment, I'm just copying the finished RenderTarget2D into a new non-volatile Texture2D object. My code to do so is pretty fugly, though. Is there a more graceful way to do this? Maybe I'm just tired but I can't find the answer on Google or SO.
Slightly simplified:
public static Texture2D MergeTextures(int width, int height, IEnumerable<Tuple<Texture2D, Color>> textures)
{
RenderTarget2D buffer = new RenderTarget2D(_device, width, height);
_device.SetRenderTarget(buffer);
_device.Clear(Color.Transparent);
SpriteBatch spriteBatch = new SpriteBatch(_device);
spriteBatch.Begin(SpriteSortMode.Immediate, BlendState.NonPremultiplied);
// Paint each texture over the one before, in the appropriate color
Rectangle rectangle = new Rectangle(0, 0, width, height);
foreach (Tuple<Texture2D, Color> texture in textures)
spriteBatch.Draw(texture.Item1, rectangle, texture.Item2);
spriteBatch.End();
_device.SetRenderTarget((RenderTarget2D)null);
// Write the merged texture to a Texture2D, so we don't lose it when resizing the back buffer
// This is POWERFUL ugly code, and probably terribly, terribly slow
Texture2D mergedTexture = new Texture2D(_device, width, height);
Color[] content = new Color[width * height];
buffer.GetData<Color>(content);
mergedTexture.SetData<Color>(content);
return mergedTexture;
}
I suppose I should check for IsContentLost and re-render as needed, but this happens in the middle of my main drawing loop, and of course you can't nest SpriteBatches. I could maintain a "render TODO" list, handle those after the main SpriteBatch ends, and then they'd be available for the next frame. Is that the preferred strategy?
This code is only called a few times, so performance isn't a concern, but I'd like to learn how to do things right.

Actually your code is not so bad if you're generating textures in a once-off process when you'd normally load content (game start, level change, room change, etc). You're transferring textures between CPU and GPU, same thing you'd be doing loading plain ol' textures. It's simple and it works!
If you're generating your textures more frequently, and it starts to become a per-frame cost, rather than a load-time cost, then you will want to worry about its performance and perhaps keeping them as render targets.
You shouldn't get ContentLost in the middle of drawing, so you can safely just respond to that event and recreate the render targets then. Or you can check for IsContentLost on each of them, ideally at the start of your frame before you render anything else. Either way everything should be checked before your SpriteBatch begins.
(Normally when using render targets you're regenerating them each frame anyway, so you don't need to check them in that case.)

Replace
Texture2D mergedTexture = new Texture2D(_device, width, height);
Color[] content = new Color[width * height];
buffer.GetData<Color>(content);
mergedTexture.SetData<Color>(content);
return mergedTexture;
with
return buffer;
Because RenderTarget2D extends Texture2D you will just get Texture2D class data returned. Also in case you are interested here's a class i made for building my GUI library's widgets out of multiple textures. In case you need to be doing this sort of thing a lot.
using Microsoft.Xna.Framework;
using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Graphics;
using System.IO;
namespace Voodo.Utils {
/// <summary>
///
/// </summary>
public class TextureBaker {
private readonly SpriteBatch _batch;
private readonly RenderTarget2D _renderTarget;
private readonly GraphicsDevice _graphicsDevice;
/// <summary>
///
/// </summary>
public Rectangle Bounds {
get { return _renderTarget.Bounds; }
}
/// <summary>
///
/// </summary>
/// <param name="graphicsDevice"></param>
/// <param name="size"></param>
public TextureBaker(GraphicsDevice graphicsDevice, Vector2 size) {
_graphicsDevice = graphicsDevice;
_batch = new SpriteBatch(_graphicsDevice);
_renderTarget = new RenderTarget2D(
_graphicsDevice,
(int)size.X,
(int)size.Y);
_graphicsDevice.SetRenderTarget(_renderTarget);
_graphicsDevice.Clear(Color.Transparent);
_batch.Begin(
SpriteSortMode.Immediate,
BlendState.AlphaBlend,
SamplerState.LinearClamp,
DepthStencilState.Default,
RasterizerState.CullNone);
}
#region Texture2D baking
/// <summary>
///
/// </summary>
/// <param name="texture"></param>
public void BakeTexture(Texture2D texture) {
_batch.Draw(
texture,
new Rectangle(0, 0, Bounds.Width, Bounds.Height),
Color.White);
}
/// <summary>
///
/// </summary>
/// <param name="texture"></param>
/// <param name="destination"></param>
public void BakeTexture(Texture2D texture, Rectangle destination) {
_batch.Draw(
texture,
destination,
Color.White);
}
/// <summary>
///
/// </summary>
/// <param name="texture"></param>
/// <param name="destination"></param>
/// <param name="source"></param>
public void BakeTexture(Texture2D texture, Rectangle destination, Rectangle source) {
_batch.Draw(
texture,
destination,
source,
Color.White);
}
/// <summary>
///
/// </summary>
/// <param name="texture"></param>
/// <param name="sourceModification"></param>
/// <param name="destination"></param>
public void BakeTexture(Texture2D texture, System.Drawing.RotateFlipType sourceModification, Rectangle destination) {
Stream sourceBuffer = new MemoryStream();
texture.SaveAsPng(sourceBuffer, texture.Width, texture.Height);
System.Drawing.Image sourceImage = System.Drawing.Image.FromStream(sourceBuffer);
sourceBuffer = new MemoryStream();
sourceImage.RotateFlip(sourceModification);
sourceImage.Save(sourceBuffer, System.Drawing.Imaging.ImageFormat.Png);
_batch.Draw(
Texture2D.FromStream(_graphicsDevice, sourceBuffer),
destination,
Color.White);
}
/// <summary>
///
/// </summary>
/// <param name="texture"></param>
/// <param name="sourceModification"></param>
/// <param name="destination"></param>
/// <param name="source"></param>
public void BakeTexture(Texture2D texture, System.Drawing.RotateFlipType sourceModification, Rectangle destination, Rectangle source) {
Stream sourceBuffer = new MemoryStream();
texture.SaveAsPng(sourceBuffer, texture.Width, texture.Height);
System.Drawing.Image sourceImage = System.Drawing.Image.FromStream(sourceBuffer);
sourceBuffer = new MemoryStream();
sourceImage.RotateFlip(sourceModification);
sourceImage.Save(sourceBuffer, System.Drawing.Imaging.ImageFormat.Png);
_batch.Draw(
Texture2D.FromStream(_graphicsDevice, sourceBuffer),
destination,
source,
Color.White);
}
#endregion
#region SpriteFont baking
/// <summary>
///
/// </summary>
/// <param name="font"></param>
/// <param name="text"></param>
/// <param name="location"></param>
/// <param name="textColor"></param>
public void BakeText(SpriteFont font, string text, Vector2 location, Color textColor) {
_batch.DrawString(font, text, location, textColor);
}
/// <summary>
///
/// </summary>
/// <param name="font"></param>
/// <param name="text"></param>
/// <param name="location"></param>
public void BakeTextCentered(SpriteFont font, string text, Vector2 location, Color textColor) {
var shifted = new Vector2 {
X = location.X - font.MeasureString(text).X / 2,
Y = location.Y - font.MeasureString(text).Y / 2
};
_batch.DrawString(font, text, shifted, textColor);
}
#endregion
/// <summary>
///
/// </summary>
/// <returns></returns>
public Texture2D GetTexture() {
_batch.End();
_graphicsDevice.SetRenderTarget(null);
return _renderTarget;
}
}
}

if you are having problems with your rendertarget being dynamically resized when drawing it somewhere else, you could just have an off-screen rendertarget with a set size that you copy your finished RT to like this:
Rendertarget2D offscreenRT = new RenderTarget2D(_device, width, height);
_device.SetRenderTarget(offscreenRT);
_device.Clear(Color.Transparent);
SpriteBatch spriteBatch = new SpriteBatch(_device);
spriteBatch.Begin(SpriteSortMode.Immediate, BlendState.NonPremultiplied);
spriteBatch.Draw(buffer, Vector2.Zero, Color.White);
spriteBatch.End();
_device.SetRenderTarget(null);

Related

What is the replacement of Graphics and Pen class in uwp app?

This is a WinForm code
private EasyScript eScript;
/// <summary>
/// Graphics object we'll draw on to in order to produce a signature
/// image.
/// </summary>
private Graphics graphics;
/// <summary>
/// Raster backing the graphics object.
/// </summary>
private Bitmap raster;
/// <summary>
/// Pen we'll use to create strokes on our graphics object.
/// </summary>
private Pen pen;
/// <summary>
/// The last point we captured.
/// </summary>
private Coordinate lastPoint = null;
/// <summary>
/// Whether or not the next event we receive should clear the signature.
/// </summary>
private bool clearOnNext = false;
/// <summary>
/// The current stroke count.
/// </summary>
private int strokeCount = 0;
/// <summary>
/// The amount to scale the coordinates by.
/// </summary>
private double scaleFactor = 1;
/// <summary>
/// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="ExampleForm"/> class.
/// </summary>
public ExampleForm()
{
//Create a new EasyScript object.
this.eScript = new EasyScript();
//Register ourselves as a signature listener.
eScript.AddListener(this);
//Initialize our form.
this.InitializeComponent();
//Initialize our drawing components.
raster = new Bitmap(signaturePictureBox.Width, signaturePictureBox.Height);
graphics = Graphics.FromImage(raster);
//Enable high quality drawing.
graphics.InterpolationMode = InterpolationMode.HighQualityBicubic;
graphics.CompositingQuality = CompositingQuality.HighQuality;
graphics.SmoothingMode = SmoothingMode.AntiAlias;
pen = new Pen(Brushes.Black);
//Calculate our scale factor based on the size of the picture box.
scaleFactor = signaturePictureBox.Width / eScript.GetSignatureProtocol().GetWidth();
//Clear the picture box.
ClearSignatureBox();
// this allows the form to preview all keyboard events before other parts of the form are allowed
// to get them. If a particular keyboard event is from a ScripTouch device,
// we can prevent the event from propogating to other form elements, such as a TextBox.
this.KeyPreview = true;
this.cardSwipeInfoTextBox.ReadOnly = true;
this.signatureInfoTextBox.ReadOnly = true;
}
I need to convert this in my UWP app. However i can use WriteableBitmap in place of Bitmap and SolidColorBrush in place of Pen. But what should be for Graphics class.
Anyhow everything is solved if i consider graphics as a WriteableBitmap apart from these below lines
graphics.InterpolationMode = InterpolationMode.HighQualityBicubic;
graphics.CompositingQuality = CompositingQuality.HighQuality; graphics.SmoothingMode = SmoothingMode.AntiAlias;
and
graphics.FillRectangle(Colors.White, 0, 0, signature.Width, signature.Height);
and
graphics.DrawLine(pen, (float)(lastPoint.X * scaleFactor), (float)(lastPoint.Y * scaleFactor), (float)(coordinate.X * scaleFactor), (float)(coordinate.Y * scaleFactor));
signature is my image object.
Thanks in advance.

The Graphics class under System.Drawing namespace is more like CanvasDrawingSession class of Win2D. Win2D is an easy-to-use Windows Runtime API for immediate mode 2D graphics rendering with GPU acceleration which is available for UWP app.
For example, for graphics.InterpolationMode property you may try CanvasImageInterpolation instead. The Antialiasing property of CanvasDrawingSession defined similar features as SmoothingMode has. CanvasDrawingSession also has FillRectangle and Drawline methods as you showed above from Graphics.
So you can try to use Win2D library in UWP app to implement the same features. For more details about how to use Win2D please reference the README.md of the official site and for samples please reference the official samples.

Try using the WritableBitmapEx library
https://www.nuget.org/packages/WriteableBitmapEx
You can add this package to your project using nuget.
With WritableBitmapEx, it is really easy to Draw polygons, shapes, lines etc, directly on images.
E.g.
bmp.DrawRectangle(cornerPoints[0].X, cornerPoints[0].Y, cornerPoints[2].X, cornerPoints[2].Y, Colors.Red);
You can find tons of drawing examples with WritableBitmapEx on github
https://github.com/reneschulte/WriteableBitmapEx

C# MonoGame: Moving Sprite Image Up and Down Using Xbox 360 GamePad

Here is the code from my MonoGame project where I have one player image in the bottom left corner and another player image in the top right. The goal is to use the left thumbstick on an Xbox 360 controller to move the player 1 on the left up and down. I used a break point and found that my controller is connected, but nothing happens when I use the thumbstick. Here is my code:
using Microsoft.Xna.Framework;
using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Graphics;
using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Input;
namespace _2PersonShooterGame_v0._1
{
/// <summary>
/// This is the main type for your game.
/// </summary>
public class Game1 : Game
{
GraphicsDeviceManager graphics;
SpriteBatch spriteBatch;
// GamePad support
const float THUMB_STICK_DEFELCTION = 100;
//Window Resolution support
const int WINDOW_WIDTH = 1200;
const int WINDOW_HEIGHT = 800;
// player images and their rectabgles support
Texture2D player1;
Rectangle drawRect1;
Texture2D player2;
Rectangle drawRect2;
public Game1()
{
graphics = new GraphicsDeviceManager(this);
Content.RootDirectory = "Content";
// Change resolution to 1200, 800
graphics.PreferredBackBufferWidth = WINDOW_WIDTH;
graphics.PreferredBackBufferHeight = WINDOW_HEIGHT;
}
/// <summary>
/// Allows the game to perform any initialization it needs to before starting to run.
/// This is where it can query for any required services and load any non-graphic
/// related content. Calling base.Initialize will enumerate through any components
/// and initialize them as well.
/// </summary>
protected override void Initialize()
{
// TODO: Add your initialization logic here
base.Initialize();
}
/// <summary>
/// LoadContent will be called once per game and is the place to load
/// all of your content.
/// </summary>
protected override void LoadContent()
{
// Create a new SpriteBatch, which can be used to draw textures.
spriteBatch = new SpriteBatch(GraphicsDevice);
// Load sprites
player1 = Content.Load<Texture2D>(#"graphics\sprite_player1");
player2 = Content.Load<Texture2D>(#"graphics\sprite_player2");
}
/// <summary>
/// UnloadContent will be called once per game and is the place to unload
/// game-specific content.
/// </summary>
protected override void UnloadContent()
{
// TODO: Unload any non ContentManager content here
}
/// <summary>
/// Allows the game to run logic such as updating the world,
/// checking for collisions, gathering input, and playing audio.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="gameTime">Provides a snapshot of timing values.</param>
protected override void Update(GameTime gameTime)
{
if (GamePad.GetState(PlayerIndex.One).Buttons.Back == ButtonState.Pressed || Keyboard.GetState().IsKeyDown(Keys.Escape))
Exit();
// Move player1 up and down using the thumbstick on an Xbox 360 remote
GamePadState gamepad = GamePad.GetState(PlayerIndex.One);
if (gamepad.IsConnected)
{
drawRect1.Y -= (int)(gamepad.ThumbSticks.Left.Y * THUMB_STICK_DEFELCTION);
}
base.Update(gameTime);
}
/// <summary>
/// This is called when the game should draw itself.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="gameTime">Provides a snapshot of timing values.</param>
protected override void Draw(GameTime gameTime)
{
GraphicsDevice.Clear(Color.CornflowerBlue);
// Drawing sprites in their respective rectangles
spriteBatch.Begin();
// Place player one in the bottom left corner and player two in the top right corner
drawRect1 = new Rectangle(0, WINDOW_HEIGHT - player1.Height, player1.Width, player1.Height);
drawRect2 = new Rectangle(WINDOW_WIDTH - player2.Width, 0, player2.Width, player2.Height);
spriteBatch.Draw(player1, drawRect1, Color.White);
spriteBatch.Draw(player2, drawRect2, Color.White);
spriteBatch.End();
base.Draw(gameTime);
}
}
}

The problem is that you're setting drawRect1.Y property in the Update(...) method but then again you're overriding this rectangle in your Draw(...) method.
// update
if (gamepad.IsConnected)
{
drawRect1.Y -= (int)(gamepad.ThumbSticks.Left.Y * THUMB_STICK_DEFELCTION);
}
// draw
drawRect1 = new Rectangle(0, WINDOW_HEIGHT - player1.Height, player1.Width, player1.Height);
What you should do i to just update rectangle in your Update(...) method and use the same ( updated ) value in Draw(...) call.
To fix this just remove this line : drawRect1 = new Rectangle(0, WINDOW_HEIGHT - player1.Height, player1.Width, player1.Height); from your Draw(...) method.

Unity GUI.Label/GUI.Box blackout images

I draw images from GUI.Label/GUI.Box but Unity driwed use "blackout" (or "red filter") before render images.
https://i.gyazo.com/255e4947a7ca95f835104a1f8ffa2e61.png
In screen right original apple - bright. In left apple be drawed unity, but this dark.
I used GUI.Color = new Color(1f,1f,1f,1f) but it didn't help me
Next, a write editor (editor windows) and draw this:
https://i.gyazo.com/06908720a2b00c538558c61092a98329.png
Apples were dark. It's my ItemDrawService:
public class ItemDrawService {
private GUIStyle labelStyle = null;
public ItemDrawService(GUIStyle labelStyle){
this.labelStyle=labelStyle;
}
/// <summary>
/// Отрисовка предмета в инвентаре
/// </summary>
/// <param name="item">Рисуемый предмет</param>
/// <param name="offsetX">Смещение (позиция) инвентаря по x</param>
/// <param name="offsetY">Смещение (позиция) инвентаря по y</param>
/// <param name="fixWebPosition">при fixWebPosition=true предмет рисуется "в сетке"</param>
/// <param name="drawIcon">при drawIcon=false, предмет рисуется без иконки</param>
public void DrawItem(ItemSlot item, float offsetX, float offsetY, bool fixWebPosition = true, bool drawIcon = true){
Rect cellRectangle;
if (fixWebPosition) {
cellRectangle = new Rect(offsetX + CellSettings.cellPaddingX + (item.position.X - 1) * CellSettings.cellWidth,
offsetY + CellSettings.cellPaddingY + (item.position.Y - 1) * CellSettings.cellHeight,
CellSettings.cellWidth,
CellSettings.cellHeight);
} else {
cellRectangle = new Rect(offsetX,
offsetY,
CellSettings.cellWidth,
CellSettings.cellHeight);
}
if (drawIcon)
labelStyle.normal.background = item.item.resource.icon;
string description = item.item.getCount()>1? item.item.getCount().ToString()+CLang.getInstance().get(Dictionary.K_COUNT) : "";
GUI.color = new Color(1f,1f,1f,1f);
GUI.Label(cellRectangle, description, labelStyle);
}
}
How I do the drawing intact?

I find this in documentation:
Legacy GUI and Linear Authored Textures
Rendering elements of the Legacy GUI System is always done in gamma
space. This means that, for the legacy GUI system, GUI textures should
not have their gamma removed on read. This can be achieved in two
ways:
Set the texture type to GUI in the texture importer
Check the ‘Bypass sRGB Sampling’ checkbox in the advanced texture importer

.NET and Direct2D rapid draw crash

General purpose
I am developing a .NET user control that can be used for multipurpose graphics rendering using Direct2D. This control is based on the ID2D1HwndRenderTarget interface with a ID2D1BitmapRenderTarget back-buffer/double-buffer.
Background
I have written a wrapper using C++/CLI that exposes a set of managed wrapper objects for Direct2D, and I have a designed a Singleton resource manager for Direct2D bitmaps that code can send to the binary data to, and get a resource key back from, which code can then pass in a message to the user control to render a bitmap.
Usage so far
I have been able to load bitmaps, JPEGs, custom imaging formats and the like and send them to the Direct2D render control all with no issue. I've written a custom video decoder that could load frames from a 15-fps video (decoding in a background thread) and render them from events raised by a Win32 multimedia timer, no problem.
Issue
My issue is that when I attempted to expand out from a single multimedia format into something more flexible (specifically connecting to LibAV/ffmpeg), the Direct2D render control starts to crash display drivers. This does not happen when frames are rendered sequentially (using a button to render the next frame, rather than a timer). It also does not happen straightaway. It also does not happen when I block inside the Win32 timer callback, but does when I use a Mutex to raise a thread that will free the timer callback up and let the interim thread instruct the control to render.
Symptoms
If I start a timer and attach to its elapsed event methods that will cause the next render, it will typically play fine for around 2-20 seconds. Using smaller video, I can get longer playback before the issue starts. If I play back 1080p video, I can get the crash usually within 5 seconds without contest. Playback will start fine, maybe have a hiccup here or there before catching up.
Eventually, I will start to see flickering, as if the background color is rendered but the frame is not. Additional frames may or may not later render, but this is very short-lived.
After the flicker, if I stop the timer quickly enough there will be no crash.
If I do not stop in time:
If I'm lucky (maybe 10% of the time), frames will stop rendering, be stuck on one frame until I resize the control, at which point only black is drawn to the entire control. (I've read that this may indicate a lost device context for DirectX rendering, but have not seen much more.)
If I'm unlucky, the display driver will crash, Windows recovers and restarts the driver, after which point the EndDraw will finally tell me that an error has occurred and return D2DERR_RECREATE_TARGET.
If I am really unlucky, the display will start to look like a kaleidoscope and I'll have to power off my machine, and I just wasted 5 minutes booting, logging on, loading Visual Studio and my solution, loading the video and lost all my debugging data.
I want to think that there is some sort of race condition that I am missing, but every time I run through the rendering code, it appears that it should be properly locked.
Render Control's Code
using System;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using Direct2D = Bardez.Projects.DirectX.Direct2D;
using ExternalPixelEnums = Bardez.Projects.FileFormats.MediaBase.Video.Pixels.Enums;
using Bardez.Projects.DirectX.Direct2D;
using Bardez.Projects.FileFormats.MediaBase.Video;
using Bardez.Projects.FileFormats.MediaBase.Video.Enums;
using Bardez.Projects.Win32;
namespace Bardez.Projects.Output.Visual
{
/// <summary>Represents a rendering target for Direct2D.</summary>
/// <remarks>
/// To use this control, an external component will need to supply bitmap data. This does not need to be a GDI+ Bitmap class.
/// However, the container for this control will need to push data into this control.
/// So, in the case of a movie player, we'd see the following model:
/// * decompress a frame.
/// * push frame to control
/// * invoke Invalidate
/// * control will render the bitmap
/// * sleep just a little bit
/// * go back to first step
/// </remarks>
public class Direct2dRenderControl : VisualRenderControl
{
/*
* Locking orientation:
* There are two rendering targets: a GDI display and a bitmap back buffer.
* There are 5 'real' locking operations:
* Rendering to the GDI display (OnPaint)
* Rendering to the back buffer (DrawBitmapToBuffer, DiscardCurrentBuffer)
* Setting the current displayed frame (SetRenderFrame)
* Resource Freeing (FreeFrameResource)
* Resizing (OnResize)
*
* Briefly, the overarching effects of these five are:
* Rendering
* Utilizes the buffer and the display
* Back Buffer
* Utilizes the buffer and if mid-render could affect this display
* Set Frame
* Sets the buffer's displayed image
* Resource Freeing
* Affects the buffer if a resource is refernced
* Resizing
* Resizes the render control and the bitmap, uses the frame set by set
*
* Locking plan:
* Resize should block set, free and back buffer
* Render should block back buffer, control
* Set frame should block resize and back buffer
* Free should block back buffer,
* Back buffer should block rendering, setting, resizing, freeing
*
* Basically, lock everything at the process level, and not at the access level.
*/
#region Fields
/// <summary>Represents a Win32 HWND render target for Direct2D</summary>
private ControlRenderTarget ctrlRenderTarget;
/// <summary>Represents a drawing buffer</summary>
private BitmapRenderTarget bmpRenderTarget;
/// <summary>Represents a drawing buffer, used solely to create bitmaps</summary>
private BitmapRenderTarget resourceBmpRenderTarget;
/// <summary>Represents a buffer drawing command lock</summary>
private Object controlBufferLock;
/// <summary>Represents a paint/render drawing command lock</summary>
private Object controlPaintRenderLock;
/// <summary>Locking object reference for resource management (memory bitmaps, etc.)</summary>
private Object resourceLock;
/// <summary>Represents the key to accessing the currently set key</summary>
protected Int32 currentFrameKey;
#endregion
#region Properties
/// <summary>Indicates whether there is a frame set for this control</summary>
protected Boolean HasFrameSet
{
get { return currentFrameKey > -1; }
}
/// <summary>Exposes a wrapper for the bitmap render target</summary>
protected BitmapRenderTarget BmpRenderTarget
{
get { return this.bmpRenderTarget; }
set
{
lock (this.controlBufferLock)
{
if (this.bmpRenderTarget != null)
this.bmpRenderTarget.Dispose();
this.bmpRenderTarget = value;
}
}
}
/// <summary>Exposes a wrapper for the bitmap render target</summary>
protected BitmapRenderTarget ResourceBmpRenderTarget
{
get { return this.resourceBmpRenderTarget; }
set
{
lock (this.resourceLock)
{
if (this.resourceBmpRenderTarget != null)
this.resourceBmpRenderTarget.Dispose();
this.resourceBmpRenderTarget = value;
}
}
}
/// <summary>Represents a Win32 HWND render target for Direct2D</summary>
protected ControlRenderTarget CtrlRenderTarget
{
get { return this.ctrlRenderTarget; }
set
{
lock (this.controlPaintRenderLock)
{
if (this.ctrlRenderTarget != null)
this.ctrlRenderTarget.Dispose();
this.ctrlRenderTarget = value;
}
}
}
#endregion
#region Construction
/// <summary>Default constructor</summary>
public Direct2dRenderControl() : base()
{
this.controlBufferLock = new Object();
this.controlPaintRenderLock = new Object();
this.resourceLock = new Object();
this.currentFrameKey = -1;
this.InitializeControlDirect2D();
}
/// <summary>Initializes the Direct2D</summary>
protected void InitializeControlDirect2D()
{
//disable Windows background draw
this.SetStyle(ControlStyles.UserPaint | ControlStyles.AllPaintingInWmPaint, true);
// Build options on the Control render target
PixelFormat format = new PixelFormat(DXGI_ChannelFormat.FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM, AlphaMode.Unknown); //32-bit color, pure alpha
DpiResolution res = Direct2dResourceManager.Instance.Factory.GetDesktopDpi();
RenderTargetProperties rtProp = new RenderTargetProperties(RenderTargetType.Default, format, res, RenderTargetUsage.GdiCompatible, DirectXVersion.DirectX9);
//Build out control render target properties
HwndRenderTargetProperties hwndProp = new HwndRenderTargetProperties(this.Handle, new SizeU(this.Size), PresentationOptions.RetainContents);
lock (this.controlPaintRenderLock)
{
// populate the Control rendering target
ResultCode result = Direct2dResourceManager.Instance.Factory.CreateHwndRenderTarget(rtProp, hwndProp, out this.ctrlRenderTarget);
lock (this.controlBufferLock)
{
// create a bitmap rendering targets
this.CtrlRenderTarget.CreateCompatibleRenderTarget(out this.bmpRenderTarget);
lock (this.resourceLock)
this.CtrlRenderTarget.CreateCompatibleRenderTarget(out this.resourceBmpRenderTarget);
}
}
}
#endregion
#region Destruction
/// <summary>Disposal code; releases unmanaged resources</summary>
/// <param name="disposing">True indicates to dispose managed resources</param>
protected override void Dispose(Boolean disposing)
{
this.ResourceBmpRenderTarget = null; //property disposes
this.BmpRenderTarget = null; //property disposes
this.CtrlRenderTarget = null; //property disposes
base.Dispose(disposing);
}
/// <summary>Disposal</summary>
~Direct2dRenderControl()
{
this.Dispose();
}
#endregion
#region Event Raising
/// <summary>Draws the output, then raises the paint event</summary>
/// <param name="e">Painting Event arguments</param>
protected override void OnPaint(PaintEventArgs e)
{
lock (this.controlPaintRenderLock)
{
lock (this.controlBufferLock)
{
this.SuspendLayout();
this.OnPaintBackground(e);
Direct2D.Bitmap bmp;
ResultCode result;
result = this.BmpRenderTarget.GetBitmap(out bmp);
Direct2D.RectangleF rect = new Direct2D.RectangleF(e.ClipRectangle);
this.CtrlRenderTarget.BeginDraw();
this.CtrlRenderTarget.DrawBitmap(bmp, rect, 1.0F, BitmapInterpolationMode.Linear, rect);
result = this.CtrlRenderTarget.EndDraw();
bmp.Dispose();
if (result != ResultCode.Success_OK)
throw new ApplicationException(String.Format("Error encountered during draw: '{0}'", result.ToString()));
base.OnPaint(e);
this.ResumeLayout();
}
}
}
/// <summary>Overides the resize method</summary>
/// <param name="e">Parameters for the resize event</param>
protected override void OnResize(EventArgs e)
{
lock (this.controlPaintRenderLock)
{
lock (this.controlBufferLock)
{
//Null check since resize fires before it is constructed, with the size event during parent's InitializeComponent
if (this.CtrlRenderTarget != null)
{
this.SuspendLayout();
//resize the existing control rendering target
this.CtrlRenderTarget.Resize(new SizeU(this.Size));
//I also need to resize the buffer, but can't. Instead, create a new one, then copy the existing one. Kind of lame.
this.ResizeBitmapRenderTarget();
base.OnResize(e);
//cause another draw
this.Invalidate(new Rectangle(new Point(0, 0), this.Size));
this.ResumeLayout();
}
}
}
}
/// <summary>Overridden Paint background method</summary>
/// <param name="e">Paint event arguments</param>
/// <remarks>
/// Made empty to avoid GDI and Direct2D writing to the same control; when moving the control around
/// or rendering at high speeds, the dreaded WinForms flicker was introduced.
/// The background painting can be found in the <see cref="FillBufferRenderTarget"/> method,
/// which fills the bitmap back buffer with the control's background color.
/// </remarks>
protected override void OnPaintBackground(PaintEventArgs e) { }
#endregion
#region Drawing
/// <summary>Resizes the bitmap rendering target buffer</summary>
/// <remarks>Does not lock the GDI render target. The OnResize or other callers lock instead.</remarks>
protected void ResizeBitmapRenderTarget()
{
lock (this.controlPaintRenderLock)
{
lock (this.controlBufferLock)
{
using (BitmapRenderTarget bmpCurr = this.BmpRenderTarget)
{
BitmapRenderTarget bmpNew;
ResultCode result = this.CtrlRenderTarget.CreateCompatibleRenderTarget(out bmpNew);
this.DuplicateDoubleBufferContents(bmpNew);
//Property disposes and locks
this.BmpRenderTarget = bmpNew;
}
}
}
}
/// <summary>Draws a Bitmap to the render buffer</summary>
/// <param name="bmp">Direct2D bitmap to draw to the buffer.</param>
protected void DrawBitmapToBuffer(Direct2D.Bitmap bmp, Point2dF origin)
{
lock (this.controlBufferLock)
{
lock (this.resourceLock)
{
Direct2D.SizeF bmpSize = bmp.GetSize();
Single width = bmpSize.Width > this.BmpRenderTarget.Size.Width ? this.BmpRenderTarget.Size.Width : bmpSize.Width;
Single height = bmpSize.Height > this.BmpRenderTarget.Size.Height ? this.BmpRenderTarget.Size.Height : bmpSize.Height;
Direct2D.RectangleF destRect = new Direct2D.RectangleF(origin.X, origin.X + width, origin.Y, origin.Y + height);
Direct2D.RectangleF srcRect = new Direct2D.RectangleF(0.0F, width, 0.0F, height);
this.BmpRenderTarget.BeginDraw();
this.FillBufferRenderTarget(this.BmpRenderTarget);
// do the actual draw
this.BmpRenderTarget.DrawBitmap(bmp, destRect, 1.0F, BitmapInterpolationMode.Linear, srcRect);
//tell Direct2D that a paint operation is ending
ResultCode result = this.BmpRenderTarget.EndDraw();
}
}
}
/// <summary>Draws a Bitmap to the render buffer</summary>
/// <param name="bmp">Direct2D bitmap to draw to the buffer.</param>
protected void DrawBitmapToBuffer(Direct2D.Bitmap bmp)
{
this.DrawBitmapToBuffer(bmp, new Point2dF(0.0F, 0.0F));
}
/// <summary>Duplicates the bitmap behind the existing rendering target, and drawing it to a new one, discarding the current and setting the new.</summary>
/// <remarks>Does not lock any references, as the outside method locks</remarks>
protected void DuplicateDoubleBufferContents(BitmapRenderTarget bmpNew)
{
Direct2D.Bitmap bmp = null;
ResultCode result = ResultCode.Success_OK;
if (this.HasFrameSet)
bmp = Direct2dResourceManager.Instance.GetBitmapResource(this.currentFrameKey);
else
result = this.BmpRenderTarget.GetBitmap(out bmp);
bmpNew.BeginDraw();
this.FillBufferRenderTarget(bmpNew);
//calculate the size to copy
Direct2D.SizeF bmpSize = bmp.GetSize();
Single width = bmpSize.Width > this.CtrlRenderTarget.Size.Width ? this.CtrlRenderTarget.Size.Width : bmpSize.Width;
Single height = bmpSize.Height > this.CtrlRenderTarget.Size.Height ? this.CtrlRenderTarget.Size.Height : bmpSize.Height;
//Determine the copy rectangle
Direct2D.RectangleF rect = new Direct2D.RectangleF(0, width, 0, height);
//Copy
bmpNew.DrawBitmap(bmp, rect, 1.0F, BitmapInterpolationMode.Linear, rect);
//conditionally disose the bitmap, don't if it is in the manager
if (!this.HasFrameSet)
bmp.Dispose();
result = bmpNew.EndDraw();
}
/// <summary>Discards the current buffer and replaces it with a blank one.</summary>
protected void DiscardCurrentBuffer()
{
lock (this.controlBufferLock)
{
BitmapRenderTarget bmpNew;
// create a bitmap rendering target
ResultCode result = this.CtrlRenderTarget.CreateCompatibleRenderTarget(out bmpNew);
bmpNew.BeginDraw();
this.FillBufferRenderTarget(bmpNew);
result = bmpNew.EndDraw();
//property locks, so no lock here
this.BmpRenderTarget = bmpNew; //replace the old buffer
}
}
/// <summary>Fills the buffer render target with the background color</summary>
/// <param name="renderTarget">Bitmap render target to fill</param>
protected void FillBufferRenderTarget(BitmapRenderTarget renderTarget)
{
SolidColorBrush brush = null;
ResultCode result = renderTarget.CreateSolidColorBrush(new ColorF(this.BackColor), out brush);
renderTarget.FillRectangle(new Direct2D.RectangleF(new Rectangle(new Point(0, 0), this.Size)), brush);
brush.Dispose();
}
#endregion
#region Frame Resources
/// <summary>Posts a Frame resource to the resource manager and returns a unique key to access it.</summary>
/// <param name="resource">Frame to be posted.</param>
/// <returns>A unique Int32 key</returns>
public override Int32 AddFrameResource(Frame resource)
{
lock (this.resourceLock)
{
//create the bitmap
BitmapProperties properties = new BitmapProperties(new PixelFormat(DXGI_ChannelFormat.FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM, AlphaMode.PreMultiplied), Direct2dResourceManager.Instance.Factory.GetDesktopDpi());
SizeU dimensions = new SizeU(Convert.ToUInt32(resource.Pixels.Metadata.Width), Convert.ToUInt32(resource.Pixels.Metadata.Height));
Direct2D.Bitmap bmp = null;
ResultCode result = this.ResourceBmpRenderTarget.CreateBitmap(dimensions, properties, out bmp);
Byte[] data = resource.Pixels.GetPixelData(ExternalPixelEnums.PixelFormat.RGBA_B8G8R8A8, ScanLineOrder.TopDown, 0, 0);
result = bmp.CopyFromMemory(new RectangleU(dimensions), data, Convert.ToUInt32(resource.Pixels.Metadata.Width * 4));
return Direct2dResourceManager.Instance.AddFrameResource(bmp);
}
}
/// <summary>Frees a Bitmap resource in the resource manager and Disposes of it.</summary>
/// <param name="frameKey">Direct2D Bitmap key to be Disposed.</param>
public override void FreeFrameResource(Int32 frameKey)
{
lock (this.resourceLock)
{
if (frameKey > -1)
Direct2dResourceManager.Instance.FreeFrameResource(frameKey);
}
}
#endregion
#region Frame Setting
/// <summary>Sets the frame to be rendered to the User Control</summary>
/// <param name="key">Frame key to set as current image</param>
public override void SetRenderFrame(Int32 key)
{
this.SetRenderFrame(key, 0, 0);
}
/// <summary>Sets the frame to be rendered to the User Control</summary>
/// <param name="key">Frame key to set as current image</param>
/// <param name="originX">X coordinate to start drawing from</param>
/// <param name="originY">Y coordinate to start drawing from</param>
public override void SetRenderFrame(Int32 key, Int64 originX, Int64 originY)
{
lock (this.controlBufferLock)
{
if (key > -1)
this.DrawBitmapToBuffer(Direct2dResourceManager.Instance.GetBitmapResource(key), new Point2dF(Convert.ToSingle(originX), Convert.ToSingle(originY)));
else
this.DiscardCurrentBuffer();
this.currentFrameKey = key;
}
}
/// <summary>This method invokes the rendering. For use by the appliation to tell the control to change images on demand.</summary>
public void Render()
{
this.Invalidate();
}
/// <summary>Sets the frame to be rendered to the User Control and then renders it</summary>
/// <param name="key">Frame key to set as current image</param>
public virtual void SetRenderFrameAndRender(Int32 key)
{
this.SetRenderFrameAndRender(key, false);
}
/// <summary>Sets the frame to be rendered to the User Control and then renders it</summary>
/// <param name="key">Frame key to set as current image</param>
/// <param name="freePreviousFrame">
/// Flag indicating whether to dispose of the previous image set
/// (in the case of transient images, such as composite images for a game or high-frame video playback)
/// </param>
public virtual void SetRenderFrameAndRender(Int32 key, Boolean freePreviousFrame)
{
this.SetRenderFrameAndRender(key, 0, 0, freePreviousFrame);
}
/// <summary>Sets the frame to be rendered to the User Control and then renders it</summary>
/// <param name="key">Frame key to set as current image</param>
/// <param name="originX">X coordinate to start drawing from</param>
/// <param name="originY">Y coordinate to start drawing from</param>
public virtual void SetRenderFrameAndRender(Int32 key, Int64 originX, Int64 originY)
{
this.SetRenderFrameAndRender(key, originX, originY, false);
}
/// <summary>Sets the frame to be rendered to the User Control and then renders it</summary>
/// <param name="key">Frame key to set as current image</param>
/// <param name="originX">X coordinate to start drawing from</param>
/// <param name="originY">Y coordinate to start drawing from</param>
/// <param name="freePreviousFrame">
/// Flag indicating whether to dispose of the previous image set
/// </param>
public virtual void SetRenderFrameAndRender(Int32 key, Int64 originX, Int64 originY, Boolean freePreviousFrame)
{
lock (this.controlBufferLock)
{
Int32 previousFrameKey = this.currentFrameKey;
this.SetRenderFrame(key, originX, originY);
this.Render();
if (freePreviousFrame)
this.FreeFrameResource(previousFrameKey);
}
}
#endregion
}
}
Win32 Multimedia Timer Callback's Code
Excluded for size, but here is the relevant code, linking to "winmm.dll", EntryPoint = "timeSetEvent"
/// <summary>Callback method for WIn32 API</summary>
protected virtual void Win32Callback(UInt32 timerId, UInt32 message, IntPtr user, IntPtr param1, IntPtr param2)
{
TimeSpan raise;
lock (this.timerLock)
{
//get system time for start time
UInt32 uptime = Win32MultimediaTimeFunctions.GetEnvironmentUptime();
Int32 upTimeSec = (Int32)(uptime / 1000);
Int32 upTimeMilliSec = (Int32)(uptime % 1000);
TimeSpan WinUpTime = new TimeSpan(0, 0, 0, upTimeSec, upTimeMilliSec);
raise = WinUpTime - this.StartTime;
//this.elapsed(raise);
this.RaiseTimer(raise);
}
//Note: outside the lock, this.elapse(raise) kills the display driver
//inside, without threading, it is fine.
//inside, with threading, the display driver will crash after a bit of playback
}
protected void RaiseTimer(TimeSpan elapsedTime)
{
Thread timerEvent = new Thread(() => { this.RunThread(elapsedTime); });
timerEvent.IsBackground = true;
timerEvent.Name = "Timer callback";
timerEvent.Start();
}
/// <summary>Raises the timer on a separate thread</summary>
protected void RunThread(TimeSpan elapsedTime)
{
if (this.threadLock.WaitOne(0))
{
this.elapsed(elapsedTime);
this.threadLock.ReleaseMutex();
}
}
Conclusion
After 3 weeks, I'm not ashamed to say I'm baffled by this behavior, and looking for any sort of input for identifying a race condition, something that I might be missing, architecturally speaking, about Direc2D or where I'm just showing my ignorance.

All locks statements in the code seems to be an over complicated solution. Also creating COM objects (like Direct2D1) from constructors and using them from thread UI methods is usually not a good practice.
I would simplify your application by performing all device/objects creation and rendering on the same thread, also by keeping your rendering code outside the form. Ideally, this should be totally independent, as you could render to any kind of windows/controls via the HWND or to a DXGI surface, or to a Windows 8 Metro surface.
Also, as Aren suggest, instead of using your own Direct2D1 wrapper, you should rely on an existing robust wrapper like SharpDX. It will save you to maintain a costly layer and help you to focus on your specific application.

Lining up sprites with scale and rotation around arbitrary point

I have 2 sprites which when drawn together make up the correct image on the screen. Drawing them both at the same time is not an option.
Imagine this class:
class MyImage
{
Vector2 drawOffset; // this gets added before the image is drawn
Vector2 sourceRect; // this is where it is on the source texturepage
void Draw(Vector2 position)
{
position = position + drawOffset;
spriteBatch.Draw(sourceTexture, position, sourceRect, Color.White);
}
}
And this code calling into it:
MyImage a = new MyImage(); // assume they get initialised correctly
MyImage b = new MyImage(); // with different drawOffsets and sourceRects
a.Draw(position); // this composes the final
b.Draw(position); // screen image from the 2 source images
Now I'd like to add scale and rotation to the Draw() function, but am having real trouble getting the parameters to the SpriteBatch.Draw function correct. This would be the version which takes scale, rotation and an origin. I need the final composed image to scale and rotate correctly (around some arbitrary centre) but can't for the life of me work out how to manipulate the scale, rotation and origin parameters to make the 2 images appear to scale and rotate in concert. Has anyone done something like this before? Happy to mod the question based on feedback if anything's unclear. If images would help I can get them posted somewhere...
I've looked at rotation around point xna 2D but am still stumped.
Cheers,
Charlie.
Thanks so much for the answer below - using it I've managed to get the images rendering correctly. One other issue remains, which is that I seem to need to use a lot of spritebatch.Begin/End pairs (one per image render). I don't have a way to measure performance on this device yet and the framerate's not chugging so I guess it's not a problem.
Here's my code:
// gr is the graphic object:
// gr.position is the location of the image in the atlas
// gr.DrawOffset is the draw offset so the image is placed correctly in it's virtual box
// gr.pageIndex is the index into the texture/atlas array
// hw,hh are half the width/height of the image (it always rotates around it's centre in fact)
Matrix m = Matrix.CreateTranslation(-hw, -hh, 0) *
Matrix.CreateRotationZ(rotation) * // rotation : parameter
Matrix.CreateScale(scale) * // scale : parameter
Matrix.CreateTranslation(pos.X + hw, pos.Y + hh, 0); // pos : parameter!
spriteBatch.Begin(SpriteSortMode.Deferred, null, null, null, null, null, m);
spriteBatch.Draw(page[gr.pageIndex].texture, gr.DrawOffset, gr.position, color);
spriteBatch.End();

If you are going to work with the SpriteBatch.Draw to draw the textures I would suggest that you forgo trying to manipulate the origin, scale arguments to try an achieve this, simply I doubt it can be done this way. But you do have an alternative, you can manipulate the SpriteBatch Matrix.
Here is a quick and dirty example, note that the texture I used here is 128x96 so I hard coded the values for that image size. Do not look for any best practices in this code, I wrote it to try and show the concept as cleanly as possible.
using System;
using Microsoft.Xna.Framework;
using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Content;
using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Graphics;
using Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Input;
namespace WindowsGame1
{
/// <summary>
/// This is the main type for your game
/// </summary>
public class Game1 : Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Game
{
GraphicsDeviceManager graphics;
SpriteBatch spriteBatch;
private Texture2D _texture;
private MyImage _image1;
private MyImage _image2;
// Attributes of the composed sprite
private float _angle = 0.0f;
private Vector2 _position = new Vector2(100, 100);
private Vector2 _rotationPoint = new Vector2(96, 48);
public Game1()
{
graphics = new GraphicsDeviceManager(this);
Content.RootDirectory = "Content";
}
/// <summary>
/// Allows the game to perform any initialization it needs to before starting to run.
/// This is where it can query for any required services and load any non-graphic
/// related content. Calling base.Initialize will enumerate through any components
/// and initialize them as well.
/// </summary>
protected override void Initialize()
{
// TODO: Add your initialization logic here
base.Initialize();
}
/// <summary>
/// LoadContent will be called once per game and is the place to load
/// all of your content.
/// </summary>
protected override void LoadContent()
{
// Create a new SpriteBatch, which can be used to draw textures.
spriteBatch = new SpriteBatch(GraphicsDevice);
_texture = Content.Load<Texture2D>("Gravitar");
// Create the two MyImage instances
_image1 = new MyImage(_texture, Vector2.Zero, Vector2.Zero);
_image2 = new MyImage(_texture, new Vector2(64, 0), new Vector2(64, 0));
}
/// <summary>
/// UnloadContent will be called once per game and is the place to unload
/// all content.
/// </summary>
protected override void UnloadContent()
{
// TODO: Unload any non ContentManager content here
}
/// <summary>
/// Allows the game to run logic such as updating the world,
/// checking for collisions, gathering input, and playing audio.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="gameTime">Provides a snapshot of timing values.</param>
protected override void Update(GameTime gameTime)
{
// Allows the game to exit
if (GamePad.GetState(PlayerIndex.One).Buttons.Back == ButtonState.Pressed)
this.Exit();
float elapsedTime = (float)gameTime.ElapsedGameTime.TotalSeconds;
_angle += 0.5f * elapsedTime;
if (Mouse.GetState().LeftButton == ButtonState.Pressed)
{
_angle = 0.0f;
}
if (Keyboard.GetState().IsKeyDown(Keys.Left))
_position += new Vector2(-10, 0)*elapsedTime;
if (Keyboard.GetState().IsKeyDown(Keys.Right))
_position += new Vector2(10, 0) * elapsedTime;
base.Update(gameTime);
}
/// <summary>
/// This is called when the game should draw itself.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="gameTime">Provides a snapshot of timing values.</param>
protected override void Draw(GameTime gameTime)
{
GraphicsDevice.Clear(Color.CornflowerBlue);
// Setup the sprite batch matrix
// Notice that we first translate to the point or rotation
// then rotate and when we translate to the desired position we
// need to compensate for the first translation so that the texture
// appears at the correct location
Matrix m =
Matrix.CreateScale(1.5f)
* Matrix.CreateTranslation(-_rotationPoint.X, -_rotationPoint.Y, 0)
* Matrix.CreateRotationZ(_angle)
* Matrix.CreateTranslation(_position.X + _rotationPoint.X, _position.Y + _rotationPoint.Y, 0);
// Begin the SpriteBatch passing the matrix
spriteBatch.Begin(SpriteSortMode.Deferred, null, null, null, null, null, m);
_image1.Draw(spriteBatch);
_image2.Draw(spriteBatch);
spriteBatch.End();
base.Draw(gameTime);
}
class MyImage
{
Vector2 _drawOffset;
Vector2 _sourcePoint;
Texture2D _sourceTexture;
public MyImage(Texture2D sourceTexture, Vector2 sourcePoint, Vector2 drawOffset)
{
_drawOffset = drawOffset;
_sourcePoint = sourcePoint;
_sourceTexture = sourceTexture;
}
public void Draw(SpriteBatch spriteBatch)
{
spriteBatch.Draw(_sourceTexture, _drawOffset,
new Rectangle((int)_sourcePoint.X, (int)_sourcePoint.Y, 64, 96),
Color.White);
}
}
}
}

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