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C#'s StringInfo and TextElementEnumerator can't recognize graphemes properly

In C# StringInfo and TextElementEnumerator classes provide methods and properties for text elements.
And here, we can find the definition of the Text Element.
The .NET Framework defines a text element as a unit of text that is
displayed as a single character, that is, a grapheme. A text element
can be any of the following:
Yes, it says a text element is a grapheme in .NET. I also tested with some unicode characters myself, and it really seemed true until I tested one Korean letter '가'.
As we all know some Unicode characters consist of multiple code points. Also we may face code point sequences and that's the reason I'm using StringInfo and TextElementEnumerator instead of simple String.
StringInfo and TextElementEnumerator could tell if Chars were surrogate pairs correctly. And "\u0061\u0308", a Unicode character which consists of multiple code points, was recognized as one text element just as expected. But as for "\u1100\u1161", it failed to say that it was also one text element.
"\u1100" is a leading letter "ㄱ", and "\u1161" is a vowel letter "ㅏ". They can be individual characters and shown to the users just as I write here and you can see them now. But if they are used together, they are rendered as one character "가" instead of "ㄱㅏ".
There are two ways in order to represent a Korean character "가":
Using a single code point U+AC00 from Hangul Syllable.
Using two code points U+1100 and U+1161 from Jamo.
Most of the time the former is used. The latter is rarely used, to be honest, I can't imagine when it's used at all..
Anyway, the first one is just one precomposed letter and the second is a sequence of Lead and Vowel which is treated as one character. When rendered they look the exactly same and both are actually canonically equivalent.
Also the following line returns true in C# :
"\u1100\u1161".Normalize() == "\uAC00"
I wonder why Normalize() here works just fine when C# doesn't think they are one complete text element..
I thought it had something to do with my .NET's version, but it turns out it's not the case. This thing happens even in Mono too.
I tested this with ICU as well, and it could treat "\u1100\u1161" as one grapheme correctly!
I initially thought StringInfo and TextElementEnumerator could eliminate need for ICU4C in some simple cases, so I'm very disappointed now..
Here's my question :
Am I doing something wrong here?
or
A Text Element in .NET isn't a user-perceived character unlike in ICU?

The basic issue here is that per the Korean standard KS X 1026, the two jamos ㄱ and ㅏ are distinct from their combined form 가. In fact, this exact example is used in the official standard (see section 6.2).
Long story short, Microsoft attempted to follow the standard but other operating systems and applications don't necessarily do so. Hence you can get "malformed" content from other software / platforms that appears to be parsed incorrectly on Windows / in .NET, even though it is parsed "correctly" on those platforms.
You will either need to ensure your data is correctly formed in the first place (unlikely, given that the de-facto standard is to completely ignore the official standard) or you will need to use ICU (or a similar library) to deal with these cases.

How to write symbol in c# that represents the gender masculine

I wan't to concatenate some id's in C# code to export to a specific data base. The problem is that data base use a specific symbol to concatenate the id's. The symbol used is like the symbol for the gender masculine (something like this: ♂). If I try to copy here I only get the '0' character. I also try to find his ascii code but I couldn't find it. I get the symbol by exporting data from file maker pro data base.
What I want is to create a array of id's concatenated by this strange symbol in C#. For example: 12[symbol]123[symbol]

Remember, ascii is what we used in the 1970's. You want the Unicode codepoint, not the ascii code. If you don't understand the difference then stop everything you are doing and read this before you write any more code:
http://www.joelonsoftware.com/articles/Unicode.html
The Mars symbol is the Unicode codepoint u2642, so in C# that would be
string mars = "\u2642";

When you have obtained the symbol in some way, just paste it into your source code:
string m = "♂";
The symbol a little different that this: ♂. The circle is smaller and the arrow is bigger
Although it's not impossible that there are 2 variations of a symbol in the Unicode space, the difference in appearance is probably due to different Fonts.
Still don't known the code for the symbol
As several people posted here, the code is 2642 and the C# notation is "Male(\u2642)" or simply type/paste "Male(♂)"

Scintilla.NET regular expression based syntax highlighing

Is it possible to use regular expressions to define syntax highlighting in Scintilla? And if so, how to do it?
I have a custom language to process, which cannot be described in simple terms of keywords and delimiters. The meaning of particular structures in this language is dependent only on their position relative to keywords. I have regular expression based parser for this format, all I need is to apply regular expression defined rules as text styles.
I mean if something matches regex1, it should have style1. Is it possible? How?
If not - can I set styles for manually selected ranges? I mean to assign style number to a specified character range in editor. How to do it?
Is it possible to define Scintilla styles in code, not in xml file?
EDIT:
OK, I've found a way.
foreach (Match m in Patterns.Keyword0.Matches(Encoding.ASCII.GetString(e.RawText)))
e.GetRange(m.Index, m.Index + m.Length).SetStyle(1);
The problem is RawText property. It's byte buffer of UTF-8 encoded text. The text property contains nice UTF-16 text, but the GetRage method accepts byte offset not character offset. If I use conversion on each TextChanged event I loose almost all speed advantage from using Scintilla.
Of course the easiest way would be to change internal encoding to UTF-16, but when I do it, I get exception saying this encoding is not supported. The only one supported seems to be UTF-8 which is ridiculously hard (and slow) to process.
I'm hitting a wall here.

The key to this is to set the lexer to SCLEX_CONTAINER and then handle the SCN_STYLENEEDED notification. This means you only ever have to process the text that actually needs styling.
There are several guides linked at the top of the Scintilla Documentation that detail various aspects of implementing customs lexers, so I won't bother repeating any of that here.
As for performance: I've written custom scintilla lexers is python that decode to utf-8 when styling and have never noticed any significant issues, so I'd be amazed if you couldn't at least match that using C#.

Correct Hebrew character sequence in C# and searchable PDFs

I'm testing an SDK that extracts text from a searchable PDF. One of the SDK's dependencies was recently updated, and it's causing an existing test on Hebrew text to fail. I don't know Hebrew nor enough about how the involved technologies represent right-to-left languages.
The NUnit test asserts that the extracted text matches the C# string "מנבוצץז ".
string hebrewText = reader.ReadToEnd();
Assert.AreEqual("מנבוצץז ", hebrewText);
The rasterized PDF has what I believe are the same characters, but in the opposite order.
The unit test fails with this message:
Expected: "מנבוצץז "
But was: " זץצובנמ"
Although the actual result more closely matches what I see in the rasterized PDF, I'm not completely sure the original test is wrong.
Are Hebrew characters in a C# string supposed to be read right-to-left like printed Hebrew text?
Does any part of the .NET stack tamper with the direction of Hebrew strings?
What about NUnit?
Are Hebrew characters embedded in a searchable PDF normally supposed to go in the same direction as the rasterized text?
Anything else I should know before deciding whether to "fix" this unit test?

There are various ways to encode RTL languages. The most common way (and Window's default) is to use logical ordering, which means the first letter is encoded as the first character in a string (or file). So whether visually the first letter appears on the left or right side of the screen doesn't affect the order in which they are stored.
Now as for the text appearing in Visual Studio, it depends on the version. As far as I remember, prior to Visual Studio 2010 the code editor displayed Hebrew backwards, and it was apparent as when you tried to select Hebrew text, it reversed in an odd way (which was visually confusing). It appears this issue no longer exists is Visual Studio 2010 (at least with SP1 which I just tested).
Let's take a Hebrew word for which the direction is more clear to non-Hebrew speakers than the string specified in your text:
יון
The word happens to be the Hebrew word for an ion, and on your screen, it should appear as three letters where the tallest letter is on the left and the shortest is on the right. In a .NET string, the expression "יון".Substring(0, 1) will produce the short letter, since it's the first letter in the string. The string can also be written as "\u05D9\u05D5\u05DF" where the leftmost Unicode character \u05D9 represents the short letter displayed on the right, which clearly demonstrates the order in which the letters are stored.
Since the string in your test case is nonsensical, I can't tell you whether it was a wrong test all along or if it a correct test that should pass. If the image you uploaded has been rendered correctly then it appears the actual result of your test is correct and the expected value is incorrect, and so you should fix the test.

I believe that all strings in C# will be stored internally as LTR; RTL strings will have a non-printable character (or something) denoting that they are indeed RTL.
More than likely. RTL GUIs and rendered text for example need certain properties (specifically RightToLeft and RightToLeftLayout) to be set in order to display correctly.
NUnit shouldn't. Nor should it care. IMHO a reversed string != the original string.
I couldn't comment. I'd assume that they should be whatever the test is expecting though, assuming it was passing at first.
Don't do half measures with RTL, it really doesn't like it. Either have full RTL support, or nothing. It can be pretty nasty, I wish you the best of luck!

C#: How do you go upon constructing a multi-lined string during design time?

How would I accomplish displaying a line as the one below in a console window by writing it into a variable during design time then just calling Console.WriteLine(sDescription) to display it?
Options:
-t Description of -t argument.
-b Description of -b argument.

If I understand your question right, what you need is the # sign in front of your string. This will make the compiler take in your string literally (including newlines etc)
In your case I would write the following:
String sDescription =
#"Options:
-t Description of -t argument.";
So far for your question (I hope), but I would suggest to just use several WriteLines.
The performance loss is next to nothing and it just is more adaptable.
You could work with a format string so you would go for this:
string formatString = "{0:10} {1}";
Console.WriteLine("Options:");
Console.WriteLine(formatString, "-t", "Description of -t argument.");
Console.WriteLine(formatString, "-b", "Description of -b argument.");
the formatstring makes sure your lines are formatted nicely without putting spaces manually and makes sure that if you ever want to make the format different you just need to do it in one place.

Console.Write("Options:\n\tSomething\t\tElse");
produces
Options:
Something Else
\n for next line, \t for tab, for more professional layouts try the field-width setting with format specifiers.
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/txafckwd.aspx

If this is a /? screen, I tend to throw the text into a .txt file that I embed via a resx file. Then I just edit the txt file. This then gets exposed as a string property on the generated resx class.
If needed, I embed standard string.Format symbols into my txt for replacement.

Personally I'd normally just write three Console.WriteLine calls. I know that gives extra fluff, but it lines the text up appropriately and it guarantees that it'll use the right line terminator for whatever platform I'm running on. An alternative would be to use a verbatim string literal, but that will "fix" the line terminator at compile-time.

I know C# is mostly used on windows machines, but please, please, please try to write your code as platform neutral. Not all platforms have the same end of line character. To properly retrieve the end of line character for the currently executing platform you should use:
System.Environment.NewLine
Maybe I'm just anal because I am a former java programmer who ran apps on many platforms, but you never know what the platform of the future is.

The "best" answer depends on where the information you're displaying comes from.
If you want to hard code it, using an "#" string is very effective, though you'll find that getting it to display right plays merry hell with your code formatting.
For a more substantial piece of text (more than a couple of lines), embedding a text resources is good.
But, if you need to construct the string on the fly, say by looping over the commandline parameters supported by your application, then you should investigate both StringBuilder and Format Strings.
StringBuilder has methods like AppendFormat() that accept format strings, making it easy to build up lines of format.
Format Strings make it easy to combine multiple items together. Note that Format strings may be used to format things to a specific width.
To quote the MSDN page linked above:
Format Item Syntax
Each format item takes the following
form and consists of the following
components:
{index[,alignment][:formatString]}
The matching braces ("{" and "}") are
required.
Index Component
The mandatory index component, also
called a parameter specifier, is a
number starting from 0 that identifies
a corresponding item in the list of
objects ...
Alignment Component
The optional alignment component is a
signed integer indicating the
preferred formatted field width. If
the value of alignment is less than
the length of the formatted string,
alignment is ignored and the length of
the formatted string is used as the
field width. The formatted data in
the field is right-aligned if
alignment is positive and left-aligned
if alignment is negative. If padding
is necessary, white space is used. The
comma is required if alignment is
specified.
Format String Component
The optional formatString component is
a format string that is appropriate
for the type of object being formatted
...